Nicomachean Ethics

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Character Improvement

Nicomachean Ethics

by Aristotle

350 BC

translated by W. D. Ross

Book 1
- Chapter 1 [Good as an end]
- Chapter 2 [Good for society]
- Chapter 3 [Knowledge of the good]
- Chapter 4 [First principles]
- Chapter 5 [Types of life]
- Chapter 6 [Good itself]
- Chapter 7 [Good for something else]
- Chapter 8 [Virtue and happiness]
- Chapter 9 [Source of virtue]
- Chapter 10 [Defining happiness]
- Chapter 11 [Happiness depends on happiness of others]
- Chapter 12 [Happiness as activity of soul]
- Chapter 13 [Kinds of virtue]
Book 2
- Chapter 1 [Exercising virtue]
- Chapter 2 [Nature of right action]
- Chapter 3 [Pleasure and pain]
- Chapter 4 [How virtuous acts must be done]
- Chapter 5 [Virtues are states of character]
- Chapter 6 [Virtue concerned with mean action]
- Chapter 7 [Particulars of mean action]
- Chapter 8 [Three kinds of disposition]
- Chapter 9 [Erring on side of lesser evil]
Book 3
- Chapter 1 [Virtue not action under compulsion or ignorance]
- Chapter 2 [Virtue involves choice, based on rational principle and thought]
- Chapter 3 [Thought must be about available means]
- Chapter 4 [Pleasure and pain affect perception of what is good]
- Chapter 5 [Extent of responsibility]
- Chapter 6 [Virtuous fear and fearlessness]
- Chapter 7 [Courage and rational fear]
- Chapter 8 [Five things sometimes called courage]
- Chapter 9 [Courage as endurance of pain]
- Chapter 10 [Intemperence involves bodily pleasures, but not all of them]
- Chapter 11 [Temperance involves moderate appetites]
- Chapter 12 [Temperance involves rational principle]
Book 4

Chapter 1 [Liberality]
Chapter 2 [Magnificence]
Chapter 3 [Pride]
Chapter 4 [Honour]
Chapter 5 [Good Temper]
Chapter 6 [Flattery and Churlishness]
Chapter 7 [Boastfullness]
Chapter 8 [Tact]
Chapter 9 [Shame]

Book 5

Chapter 1 [Justice and Injustice]
Chapter 2 [More than One kind of Justice]
Chapter 3 [Justice is Proportion]
Chapter 4 [The Rectificatory]
Chapter 5 [Reciprocity]
Chapter 6 [Justice in Different Spheres]
Chapter 7 [Political Justice ]
Chapter 8 [Voluntary and Involuntary Acts]
Chapter 9 [Suffering Injustice]
Chapter 10 [Equity and the Equitable]
Chapter 11 [Can a Man Treat Himself Unjustly?]

Book 6

Chapter 1 [The Dictates of the Right Rule]
Chapter 2 [Sensation, Reason and Desire]
Chapter 3 [Scientific Knowledge]
Chapter 4 [Art]
Chapter 5 [Practical Wisdom]
Chapter 6 [Scientific Knowledge]
Chapter 7 [Wisdom]
Chapter 8 [Political Wisdom and Practical Wisdom]
Chapter 9 [Inquiry and Deliberation]
Chapter 10 [Understanding]
Chapter 11 [Judgement]
Chapter 12 [Philosophic and Practical Wisdom]
Chapter 13 [Natural Virtue and Virtue in the Strict Sense]

Book 7

Chapter 1 [Three Kinds of Moral States to be Avoided]
Chapter 2 [Incontinence and Continence]
Chapter 3 [Whether Incontinent People Act Knowingly or Not]
Chapter 4 [Is There Any One Who is Incontinent Without Qualification]
Chapter 5 [Self Indulgence and Temperance]
Chapter 6 [Incontinence in Respect of Anger]
Chapter 7 [Pleasures and Pains and Appetites and Aversions]
Chapter 8 [The Self-Indulgent Man]
Chapter 9 [Some Who Fail to Abide by Their Resolutions]
Chapter 10 [Practical Wisdom not by Knowing Only but Also Acting]
Chapter 11 [The Study of Pleasure and Pain]
Chapter 12 [Two Kinds of Good]
Chapter 13 [All things, Both Brutes and Men, Pursue Pleasure]
Chapter 14 [Bodily Pleasures]

Book 8

Chapter 1 [Friendship]
Chapter 2 [Not Everything Seems to be Loved but only the Lovable]
Chapter 3 [Three Kinds of Friendship]
Chapter 4 [Perfect Friendship]
Chapter 5 [The Friendship of the Good]
Chapter 6 [Sour and Elderly people]
Chapter 7 [Inequality Between the Parties]
Chapter 8 [The Wish to be Loved ]
Chapter 9 [Friendship and Justice]
Chapter 10 [Three Kinds of Constitution]
Chapter 11 [The Constitutions, Friendship and Justice]
Chapter 12 [Association]
Chapter 13 [Utility]
Chapter 14 [Superiority]

Book 9

Chapter 1 [Friendships Between Dissimilars]
Chapter 2 [Preference]
Chapter 3 [Breaking off a Friendships]
Chapter 4 [Man's Relations to Himself]
Chapter 5 [Goodwill is a Friendly Sort of Relation]
Chapter 6 [Unanimity]
Chapter 7 [Benefactors]
Chapter 8 [Should a Man Love Himself Most?]
Chapter 9 [Does a Happy Man Need Friends?]
Chapter 10 [Should We Make as Many Friends as Possible?]
Chapter 11 [Do We Need Friends More in Good Fortune or in Bad?]
Chapter 12 [Living Together]

Book 10

Chapter 1 [Pleasure]
Chapter 2 [Pleasure, Pain, Good and Evil]
Chapter 3 [Is Pleasure a Quality?]
Chapter 4 [Pleasure is Whole]
Chapter 5 [Different Kinds of Pleasure]
Chapter 6 [Happiness]
Chapter 7 [Happiness and Virtue]
Chapter 8 [Perfect Happiness is a Contemplative Activity]
Chapter 9 [Encouraging Virtue]

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VirtueScience is the deep study of character-the virtues and vices: understanding character change so that it may be harnessed for the good of the individual/society. It recognizes a symmetrical matrix of virtues which can be used as an ideal transcultural blueprint for character.